The History Behind Sociology

Although sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people, it included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century also helped set the stage for the sociologists who would follow. This period was the first time in history that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life. The Birth of Sociology as a Discipline The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the â€Å"Father of Sociology.† Comte felt that science could be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts regarding gravity and other natural laws, Comte thought that scientific analyses could also discover the laws governing our social lives. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of positivism to sociology — a way to understand the social world based on scientific facts. He believed that, with this new understanding, people could build a better future. He envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. Other events of that time period also influenced the development of sociology. The 19th and 20th centuries were times of many social upheavals and changes in the social order that interested the early sociologists. The political revolutions sweeping Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries led to a focus on social change and the establishment of social order that still concerns sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also concerned with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism and socialism. Additionally, the growth of cities and religious transformations were causing many changes in people’s lives. Other classical theorists of sociology from the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim,  Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in sociology, most of the early sociological thinkers were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. The diversity of their training is reflected in the topics they researched, including religion, education, economics, inequality, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and theology. These pioneers of sociology all had a vision of using sociology to call attention to social concerns and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were lavishly wealthy and many factory workers despairingly poor, they attacked the rampant inequalities of the day and focused on the role of capitalist economic structures in perpetuating these inequalities. In Germany, Max Weber was active in politics while in France, Emile Durkheim advocated for educational reform. In Britain, Harriet Martineau advocated for the rights of girls and women, and in the U.S., W.E.B. DuBois focused on the problem of racism. The Modern History of Sociology The growth of sociology as an academic discipline in the United States coincided with the establishment and upgrading of many universities that were including a new focus on graduate departments and curricula on â€Å"modern subjects.† In 1876, Yale University’s William Graham Sumner taught the first course identified as â€Å"sociology† in the United States. The University of Chicago established the first graduate department of sociology in the United States in 1892 and by 1910, most colleges and universities were offering sociology courses. Thirty years later, most of these schools had established sociology departments. Sociology was first taught in high schools in 1911. Sociology was also growing in Germany and France during this period. However, in Europe, the discipline suffered great setbacks as a result of World Wars I and II. Many sociologists were killed or fled Germany and France between 1933 and the end of World War II. After World War II, sociologists returned to Germany influenced by their studies in America. The result was that American sociologists became the world leaders in theory and research for many years. Sociology has grown into a diverse and dynamic discipline, experiencing a proliferation of specialty areas. The American Sociological Association (ASA) was formed in 1905 with 115 members. By the end of 2004, it had grown to almost 14,000 members and more than 40 â€Å"sections† covering specific areas of interest. Many other countries also have large national sociology organizations. The International Sociological Association (ISA) boasted more than 3,300 members in 2004 from 91 different countries. The ISA sponsored research committees covering more than 50 different areas of interest, covering topics as diverse as children, aging, families, law, emotions, sexuality, religion, mental health, peace and war, and work. Sources About ASA. American Sociological Association, 2019. Statutes of the International Sociological Association. International Sociological Association.

Polaroid Case - 893 Words

Polaroid Case I. We Need Greenlight But for Which Reason? Quality control of film cartridges on R2 was a routine process, but the QC department found that there are some discrepancies between the defect rate of QC auditors and the Operators. Defects were being passed through the entire manufacturing process unnoticed. While pre-existing measurements at quality control showed low overall defect rates, there were complications in the process and interference from operators that affected QC numbers. Project Greenlight was initially necessary to allow for accurate measurement of processes and quality control during the process as opposed to the end of the process. Once implemented, Greenlight would serve to measure and†¦show more content†¦From this analysis we conclude that the process involved in finger height is problematic and should be optimized before moving forward on analysis of other parts of the overall process. The regular violation of control limits may point to a significant contribution to overall quality control rejections. III. Quality Check â€Å"Type of Defects† (exhibit 4) and â€Å"Reported Defect Rates† (exhibit 5) suggests that the output quality of R2 has declined. The reported defective rate from the operators had decreased from under 1% to 0.5% and the defective rate from the central process auditors had increased from over 1% to levels averaging 10% (stated in case). The exhibits also show that although the types of defects noticed by the operator and auditor are same, but the number of times the defect observed by auditor is significantly higher. Factors contributing to decrease in quality of product are numerous. R2 does not inspect for the types of defects that consumers notice. Rather, it inspects for more technical, hidden defects. Operators do not follow the guidelines for interpreting control charts as most of the defects are sighted by Quality Control at the end of the process. Some problems that operators did not regard as important are not reported and result in rejection by quality cont rol at the end of the process. Operators tweak the machines when products do not meet the processShow MoreRelatedThe case of Polaroid in 1996.2773 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary The case of Polaroid in 1996 is a popular topic of discussion amongst finance specialists due to the complex issues involved. Specifically, after a long period of unsuccessful moves to discover a sales vehicle that will enable the company to resume its success of the early 1970s, in the mid-1990s the company is found on the verge of bankruptcy. Its new CEO Di Camillo is facing a very large debt, which is due to mature in six years. Furthermore,although the company does not performRead MorePolaroid Case1837 Words   |  8 PagesPolaroid Case Objectives * Introduces the construction and use of statistical process control (SPC) charts and an understanding of the relationship between SPC and conformance quality. * Creating the strategy and implementation steps for transforming an operation from inspection-based to one that relies on statistically controlled process. * Understanding the complex human and organizational problems that occur when the basic operating philosophy is changed. * Applying qualityRead MorePolaroid Case1849 Words   |  8 PagesPolaroid Case Objectives * Introduces the construction and use of statistical process control (SPC) charts and an understanding of the relationship between SPC and conformance quality. * Creating the strategy and implementation steps for transforming an operation from inspection-based to one that relies on statistically controlled process. * Understanding the complex human and organizational problems that occur when the basic operating philosophy is changed. * Applying quality toolsRead MorePolaroid Case Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesIIM Indore | Polaroid Corporation: European Distribution system | Logistics Management system | | Submitted to | Prof. S. Venkatramanaiah | | Group 2 | AludaiyaarasuAsvin VMohan M S Prabu PRajasekar VijayaraghavanSrinivasan DK.M.Venkatraj | Synopsis: Polaroid Corporation, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was a company marketed a wide variety of instant photographic products for consumers and industries. After the deregulation of US motor industry consolidationRead MorePolaroid Case 990 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿a. How does Polaroid’s distribution needs vary by subsidiary in Europe? What are the implications of these differences? You must consider the cultural diversity of the countries in Europe where Polaroid operates. In Europe, Polaroid was organized into 12 subsidiaries, each operating a separate warehouse to serve its national market, and the largest subsidiaries reside in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The International Distribution Service Center (IDSC) shipped products to theRead MoreCase Study on The Polaroid Corporation5590 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin Land who dropped out of Harvard College in order to focus on the research on the polarization of light. He developed the first instant camera in 1948. From that time onwards the instant camera was the main product of the company. 90% of the company’s efforts were tied up to this product over the next decades. Within four decades, sales of the firm grew from $142000 to over $1 billion. Significant break- through of Polaroid included: Read MorePolaroid Corporations 1996 Case1197 Words   |  5 PagesPolaroid Corporation, 1996 In late March 1996, Ralph Norwood was faced with the task of restructuring Polaroid’s capital structure. In the past, Polaroid had a monopoly in the instant-photography segment. However, with upcoming threats in the emerging digital photography industry and Polaroid experiencing recent losses in their market share due to Kodak’s competition, Gary T. DiCamillo, recently appointed CEO of Polaroid, headed a restructuring plan to stimulate the firm’s performance. The firm’sRead MorePolaroid Case Study Essay3638 Words   |  15 PagesBACKDROP Polaroid is manufacturer of photographic equipment, accessories and related items used in instant photography. The organization was divided into two main divisions – The Consumer Photography Division and the Technical and Industrial Division with each of these divisions contributing around 40% of Polaroid’s revenues of $ 1.3 billion in 1984. The company produced two main types of films: 1. The peel apart film which required the user to physically pull the film out of theRead MoreArticle About The Creepiest Outdoor Halloween Decor960 Words   |  4 PagesBurn a Hole in Your Pocket. All was not lost though; two products made me think about how fads and what’s in-style just circle around. The I-1 Analog Instant Camera and the Polaroid ZIP Mobile Printer made me think about how cameras and recording our family memories have changed with the creation of new technology. The Polaroid Instant Camera was my favorite camera growing up and well into my second child’s elementary years. Then we bought a digital camera and we stopped having actual pictures. Read MorePioneer Petroleum6035 Words   |  25 PagesNo. 526 â€Å"Big City Trust Company† Case Analysis amp; Corporate Strategy Group 4 Report Estepa, Joan Carla E. | Member | BSC Management, Corporate Focus | Reyes, Corinne Erlyn L. | Member | BA Humanities with Professional Certificate in Business Management | Yan, Lee Rainier C. | Member | B.S. Chemical Engineering | Dean Atty. Joe-Santos Balagtas Bisquera MBA Professor Case Analysis Executive Summary According to the case, Auto-Drive Company is developing an

The Qualities of Hero Free Essays

Chris McClendon 12/11/09 3rd Hour The Qualities of Hero What makes Annie Sullivan significant? The traits that she showed in The Miracle Worker by William Gibson made her significant. In this story she showed many characteristics that make her unique in comparison to other teachers. Being half blind herself, she could relate to Helen in some ways. We will write a custom essay sample on The Qualities of Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now Annie Sullivan exemplified many heroic qualities such as patience, perseverance, and self-determination. First, Annie Sullivan showed patience in many different situations throughout the story. Patience appeared in this play when Annie requested to stay with Helen, alone in the cabin for two weeks. She stated, â€Å"Two weeks, for only one miracle. † (Act II). Helen tested Annie’s patience when choosing not to cooperate with her. They got into many altercations, but still remained patient. Helen benefited the most from Annie’s perseverance. Sullivan’s patience helped her to teach Helen. When Helen tested Annie’s patience, she remained calm and continued to tolerate Helen’s behavior. This example shows how Annie exemplified patience in â€Å"The Miracle Worker†. Another characteristic that Annie showed in this story included perseverance. Annie persevered during the scene where she tried to teach Helen how to fold the napkin. When she started, Helen did not seem to respond to sign language or folding the napkin. After a few days, she appeared hopeless to her parents. Sullivan still continued to try and teach her through all the obstacles, even when the Kellers wanted her to leave. â€Å"The room’s a wreck, but her napkin is folded. † (Act II). Annie stated this after she successfully taught Helen how to fold a napkin. Even though the Kellers didn’t believe in Annie, and Helen seemed to not respond to her teaching, Annie still continued to try and teach her. Clearly, Annie Sullivan showed perseverance in this story. Lastly, Sullivan showed the quality of self-determination. Annie showed self-sufficiency throughout the whole play. A specific example would be when the Kellers thought that Annie would give up, but she didn’t. â€Å"Here, give up, why I only today saw what has to be done, to begin! † (Act II). Annie said this to the Kellers when they thought that she might have given up. Sullivan was determined to teach Helen sign language. She remained persistent and did not give up. At this point Annie would do whatever she had to do to teach Helen sign language. She wanted to stay alone in the cabin with Helen even though the Kellers opposed. This self-determination helped Helen to learn and to pay more attention to Annie. This is how Annie Sullivan showed self-determination. In conclusion, Annie Sullivan illuminated many qualities that would make one see her as heroic. Three specific examples of these traits are patience, perseverance, and self-determination. Sullivan shows these characteristics throughout the entire play. The world would be a better place if there more people showed the traits that Annie Sullivan did. I agree with Robert Brustein when he states, â€Å"Gibson possesses substantial literary and dramatic gifts and an integrity of the highest order. In addition, he brings to his works authentic compassion, wit, bite and humor, and a lively, literate prose style equaled by few American dramatists. † in the New Republic. When William Gibson wrote this play he used much compassion and drama. Lastly, I am grateful for being able to read this transcendental play. How to cite The Qualities of Hero, Essay examples

E-Business Model Archetypes-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Develop your understanding of the Business Model as a Concept and how a theoretical understanding of business models can be used to explain value creation, value appropriation and/or the innovation process at firms in real-life. Answer: The aim of the topic is to discuss the concepts of the Business model such as e- business model archetypes, business model as an activity system and Business model as cost/revenue architecture. These concepts are being utilized by the company to address any kinds of static problems taking place in the working circle of the organization (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). There are numerous ways which can be taken into consideration while making an approach to the problems through the use of an effective model of a business. Therefore, the importance of the company business model should be taken into account in order to approach the problems and changes that have been brought to an organization by following a better business model. The business model provides a clearer concept about how the company is running and how it is operating. The Management team would be able to discuss to the employees that how an organization manages to create deliver and capture the value. A business model consists of the nine building basic blocks and they are (Amit Zott, 2012; Wirtz et al., 2016). For whom the company is creating a value? Who are the most important customers?What are the values that are being delivered to the customers? Which are the problems of the customers that are being needed to solve? Who are the customers who need are being satisfied by the company? What are the important bundles of services and products are being offered to each segment of the customer? Which are the channels are needed to be taken into consideration to reach the customer segments? How the company is approaching them? How the integration of these channels happen? (Amit Zott, 2012; Schaltegger, Ldeke Hansen, 2012). The meaning of the term e business indicates the means of doing business automatically. It includes e-markets, e-commerce and the business supported by the internet. The recent advances in the field of communication and technologies for example the entry of the swift internet process and at the same time a rapid decline is being predicted in the communication and computing costs. This entire change has given a new change to the forms of the organization (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011). Several scholars have made an attempt to make a classification of e-business through the description of their types. E-business is actually an area for research about the models of business and the roles that firms function in their own ecosystems. To address this, the scholars framed out different business models, also developed the taxonomies and typologies. The scholars have appeared to be less concerned about the empirical based testing. Their contribution to descriptive analyzation varied degree (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011).The notion of value incorporates customer value, value system and proposition of value. The financial aspects include cost structures and revenue streams and also the aspects which are related to the architecture of the network exist between the partners of exchange and their firms. As for example Internet, logistic streams, infrastructure and delivery channels. The antecedents of business model of e commerce are New information and communication technologies (Z ott, Amit Massa, 2011). The activity system is considered to be a set of organizational activities which are interdependent and they are centered around the focal firm, which includes those which are conducted by the focal firms, their partners, customers, vendors and many others (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011; Wirtz et al., 2016). While explaining the creation of value, the business models concept has been used from the perspective of the digital economy. The business in order to survive the age of revolution companies tends to develop the innovative business models which incorporate the partners, channels of distributions. The antecedents of business models include unique propositions of value, the process of distribution of the bargaining power (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011). Cost revenue Architecture: Revenue Architecture to align with the business architecture for the sustainable predictable growth of revenue. It is important to align the go to market strategy with the model of business. Important to enable the sales to integrate channels, people and process (Baden Haefliger, 2013).Engagement programs buyer across the sales and marketing. It is also important to understand the process the technology is converted into the outcomes of market. It is important to understand the new modes of innovative technologies and the mechanism can be built by connecting the customers with the technologies. This mechanism is giving power to firm to commercialize the innovations of technology (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011; Wirtz et al., 2016). The three concepts of these emerging themes of the business model, they are the concepts based on system levels which are surrounded by the activities which are more or less focused on the value which act as catalysts to focus on the study of the models of business. The more researches are needed to be done to study the models of business so that these concepts can be developed when the scholars would feel to throw light on the conceptual differences from the other similar concepts which includes the activity systems, ecosystems or the value networks (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011). However these concepts are interrelated and this would be further used for redesigning the models of business. Meaning of business context means where the vocabulary which are specialized in nature are employed and this includes an individual organization, a community of a larger business or particular projects (Beringe Tarlin,2012). It also frames out the needs and agreements. The needs and the capability of the design must focus on the purposes in the context of business (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011; Wirtz et al., 2016). The change is an inevitable concept. The organization or the companies go through the phases of change. The change in organization happens when the strategies of business or the major parts of any organization are changed. This term is also known by the name restructuring, reorganization or the turnarounds (Ben, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). For example: The Germany Diary Sector faced significant changes. The number of the farmers and also the processors of diaries have gone down in the last few years. Due to the coming of the powerful agents at the steps of the diary industry, the strategic interactions waged along with the value chain have become significant (Chen, Chinag Storey, 2012). With the increase of the retailers buying power in the recent years raised concerns. There are no existences of the workhouse model where there is no imperfect competition. The gap would be closed by developing a model that allows the industry to wage negotiations between the retailers, farmers and foo d processors. The business model would be framed in such a way that the project of the research is divided into the two work packages which would determine the two issues and try to solve them in the value chains of agriculture. In the first work package, if the products are conventional as well as strategic, the bargaining position between the retailers can get softened. It also focuses on the model of econometric and the development of the market structure at the level of processor. It is known as empirical business model (Chen, Chinag Storey, 2012; Glover et al., 2014). In the second work package, the competition between the forms of organization is known as cooperatives and the firms which are not profit at the level of processor. It is here important to understand the differences in the ownership which might affect the outcomes of the negotiations in the vertical relations (Glover et al., 2014). The business model would impact the performances of the model which would combine the work packages and help them to develop accordingly. This in turn impacted the organization by going through the changes of value analysis, the change in the internal module has become relevant with the fact that it might impact the negotiations in the vertical relations as mentioned before. It is also the duty of the managers to go through this change of the business model and make the teams work on the decision changes of the organization. The managers needs to look through the further implementation of the new business model which would bring effectiveness in the working of the organization. On a concluding note it could be stated that the business model would help to develop the business more systematically. The three concepts are needed to be utilized properly so that the researches are can frame out the model of business in a more systematic manner. Finally the notion of the change in inevitable and the company name German Diary industry must take note of new business model which should be rather taken into account in order to bring changes in the organization. References Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), 419-426. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Beringer, J., Tarlin, E. (2012)."Business context data companion tool."U.S. Patent No. 8,250,169. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact.MIS quarterly,36(4). DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: what it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Glover, J. L., Champion, D., Daniels, K. J., Dainty, A. J. D. (2014). An Institutional Theory perspective on sustainable practices across the dairy supply chain.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 102-111. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F., Hansen, E. G. (2012). Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), 95-119. Wirtz, B. W., Pistoia, A., Ullrich, S., Gttel, V. (2016). Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives.Long Range Planning,49(1), 36-54. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), 1019-1042.

Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Example Essay Example

Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Example Paper ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this study is as a result of the helping hands of numerous individuals. I thank the people of Community X for their massive cooperation in answering the questionnaires given. Also , to my friends, who helped with the distribution of the questionnaires and my family for the giving me the hope and strength to persevere. Lastly, much gratitude is extended to my teacher for guiding me in every step of the way throughout my investigations. Social studies SCHOOL BASED ASSESSEMENT (S. B. A. ) Statement of the Problem What are the causes, effects and solutions of the usage of alcohol amongst individuals of Community X? Method of Investigation I have chosen the questionnaire as a means of collecting data to carry out the survey. The questionnaire has numerous advantages which include the following: Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Body Paragraphs Instrument used to collect Data Copy Of Questionnaire Survey of alcohol usage among individuals in Community X. Dear Villager, This is a survey being carried out in Community X to determine the level of alcohol usage among individuals in the community. This study I am currently pursuing, is conducted as an assignment for a Social Studies course. I advise you to answer the questions given, truthfully and honestly since you are not required to write names. There are no wrong or right answers as this is not a test. Most answers require a tick in the small boxes provided ; read the questions carefully. Villager’s Questionnaire We will write a custom essay sample on Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1. Sex Male Female 2. What is your occupation? __ 3. To what Ethnic group do you belong? African Descent Chinese Descent Indian Descent Mixed Descent 4. How long have you been a member of Community X? ___ 5. To what age group do you belong? Under 12 12-14 15-16 17-19 6. As a youth, which of the following influences you to consume alcohol? Peer pressure For the fun of it Out of curiosity Depression 7. When do you often consume alcohol? Special Occasions Partying To gain popularity I do not drink alcohol 8. Do problems in the home contribute to students drinking alcohol? Yes No 9. What normally happens when you consume alcoholic beverages? I feel tipsy I feel normal I have headaches I do not drink alcohol 10. How do you think the students of Community X get alcoholic beverages? It is made available at community shops An older sibling/friend is asked to purchase it for them They steal it away They are given the consent 11. What is the most common effect caused by drinking? STD’s Being an alcoholic Having Heart disease Death 12. What effect does known cases of alcohol drinking in Community X, have on the rest of its population? _ . 13. How does alcohol consumption affect a student’s academic performance? They work less Nothing is done They work harder They give up on school 14. Do students who drink alcohol show signs of aggressive behaviour? Yes No 15. What do you suggest to your fellow community members who have already started to drink? Tone down their intake Drink responsibly Stop drinking Seek professional help 16. Should the age of consent for drinking be increased? Yes No 17. Do you think Rehabilitation Centers should be considered for alcoholics? Yes, but it will not be fully effective No, It will not help Let them suffer the consequences Have counsel sessions instead Presentation and Interpretation of Data [pic]Fig 1. The causes of alcohol consumption is simply represented in Fig 1; this figure briefly explains that 45% of the people in Commu nity X consume alcoholic beverages for minor influences as the simple fun and njoyment that comes with the pleasures of drinking. One the other hand, 20% indicate that the partake of the activity as a result of Peer Pressure where individuals, mostly teenagers, drink because they either think it is â€Å"cool† or o prove a point. However, 30% population specified that they â€Å"drink† for the little curiosity of finding out what other individuals get, feel or benefit from it, this being. Mainly just experimenting the activity. A smaller 5% say they drink alcohol because of Depression because alcohol is known to somewhat relieve the stress that causes Depression. pic]Fig2 Whereby the effects of consuming Alcohol are concerned, almost half of the population indicate that no harm is done, as 55% of them feel normal after their intake of the substance. And so, this could be one of the reasons, the level of consumption in the community should be monitored. 5 % of them say they feel tipsy, an eerie felling, that may cause them to intake alcohol regularly. However, a few of them seem to be affected as 10% of the population state that they have headaches which may discourage them to do so. Another 10% indicate that they simply do not drink alcohol, mainly because of religion and other personal reasons. pic]Fig3 In order to manage the level of alcohol usage in Community X. Fig 3 shows that 70% of Its members indicate that the individuals who already drinking, should drink responsibly Suggesting that they should look at the consequences of whether it be becoming an alcoholic or getting drunk. Another 15% say they these individuals should simply tone down their intake of by drinking less of the substance. On the other hand, the remainder of the population , 15%, indicated more drastic measures to the solution. Fig 3 shows that 10% of them say people should just stop drinking while the other 5% believe they should seek professional help. These responses the refore can be interpreted as the respondents knowing someone who drink too much. Procedures Used to Collect Data Community X has an estimated number of 130 individuals; due to calculations, it was discovered that 15% of the population was needed in order to gather possible causes, effects, and solutions to the level of alcohol usage in the community. That is, ( 15% of 130 =20 ) Therefore, a total of 35 questionnaires were distributed with the expectation that at least 20 would be returned. Later, it was decided that the questionnaires be given to random personnel. This resulted in the recording of information on each individual on small pieces of paper, placed in a box, shaken and a total of 35 slips were selected. Therefore, 35 individuals received a copy of the questionnaire, were successfully completed and left in my mailbox 4 Hart Rd. Cheleston Gardens. Findings The survey carried out resulted in numerous interesting discoveries due to the level of alcohol usage in Community X. These state: Alcohol is consumed mainly through social activities where 70% of the individuals indicate that they partake of alcoholic beverages when â€Å"partying†. †¢ The most common effect known caused by drinking is neutral between 1. Becoming an alcoholic 2. Being sexually active at an early age. Which was I therefore observed that the questionnaires have revealed a 50-50% ratio. †¢ The individuals of Community X believe that in order for the level of alcohol be decreased, Rehabilitation Centers should be established. However, all 100% of the people who agree, stated that it will not be fully effective for the common reason that the alcoholics will not endure the necessary procedures that will be required. Recommendations The level of alcohol usage should not be taken lightly, as many young people in Community X are partaking of the activity when are far too young to be drinking. That said, I would recommend to this community that the decreasing level of alcohol us be accomplished through two simple objectives. These objectives include:? Allowing adults of the community to take on leadership qualities whereby they look out for children who they see with alcoholic beverages and hinder them from consuming it. More specifically to shopkeepers, since in recent survey it is proven that most individuals especially children receive alcohol by the availability of such beverages in the community shops. Talk to individuals about drinking as little talks can do great things. There are people who are willing to listen. Parents will see to it that their children go to these sessions and ensure that they understand the dangers of drinking. Pie Chart Showing Causes Of Alcohol Consumption 20% 30% 5% 45% Peer Pressure Out of Curiosity Depression For the fun of it Chart Showing Effects of Alcohol Consumption In Community X. I feel tipsy 25% I have headaches 10% I feel normal 55% I do not drink alcohol 10% I feel tipsy I have headaches I feel normal I do not drink alcohol

Learn Japanese Greetings for Special Occasions

Learn Japanese Greetings for Special Occasions Using the correct greeting in Japan is important, especially when meeting people for the first time in a social situation. Celebrations Happy Birthday.O-tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu. (formal)㠁Šè ªâ€¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ‚  Tanjoubi omedetou. (casual)è ªâ€¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šCongratulations.Omedetou gozaimasu.㠁Šã‚ Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šOmedetou. (casual)㠁Šã‚ Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š The form gozaimasu㠁”㠁â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢ is more formal. It is added when you are talking with somebody who is not a family member or a close friend. To reply, Arigatou gozaimasu㠁‚り㠁Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢ or Arigatou㠁‚り㠁Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€  is used. Congratulations on your wedding.Go-kekkon omedetou gozaimasu. (formal)㠁”ç µ Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šKekkon omedetou. (casual)ç µ Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š The honorific o 㠁Š or go 㠁” can be attached to the front of some nouns as a formal way of saying your. It is very polite. When Speaking With Somebody Who Is Sick How are you feeling?Guai wa ikaga desu ka.å… ·Ã¥ Ë†Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å'㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šHow is your cold?Kaze wa dou desu ka.é ¢ ¨Ã©â€š ªÃ£  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šThanks to your help,  I have gotten better.Okagesama de  yoku narimashita.㠁Šã â€¹Ã£ â€™Ã£ â€¢Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šË†Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Okagesama de㠁Šã â€¹Ã£ â€™Ã£ â€¢Ã£  ¾Ã£  § can be used whenever you announce good news in answer to someones concerned inquiry.   Please take care of yourself.Odaiji ni.㠁Šå ¤ §Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬â€š To reply Odaiji ni 㠁Šå ¤ §Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «, Arigatou gozaimasu 㠁‚り㠁Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢ is used.   Click this link to learn how to say Happy New Year in Japanese.

The Emergence of a Hookup Culture in Contemporary American Culture Essay

The Emergence of a Hookup Culture in Contemporary American Culture - Essay Example One of the factors that could have contributed to the growth of the women’s liberation movement is the loss of traditional gender roles in modern American society. While previously women were confined to their homes, they were now gaining recognition in their greater roles for the development of the society, and for the first time their functions were not limited to traditional homemaker and child-rearing roles. There were more women seen in public doing things that were expected to be done by men, such as getting a college degree, working in an office, or under public service. These women were able to achieve something, which also gave them the mindset that they can do anything that a man can do, aside from the traditional gender roles that were assigned to them. Having an advanced education opened up not just the avenues for other career opportunities, but this also changed how many women view relationships, including sex. This shift from being an at-home person to being see n in public did not only give additional career choices for women, but also additional freedom in relationships, whether sexual or romantic in nature. Starting from the 1960’s when the concept of dating was starting to lose its hold on college culture, the idea that having non-committal sex with others becomes a much more lucrative choice for most people, especially women since there is no hassle of having to choose between getting tied down to a relationship or having to bear children over expanding careers (Bogle 2007: 779). This way of thinking has made most women liberal in terms of their sexual freedom, and it is assumed that the engagement to such behaviors was not only rebellious in nature, but also helped in spreading the culture of casual sexual encounters since there were many people who were much more open-minded about it (Shukusky and Wade 2012: 495). Despite the fact that there has been an increase in the number of women engaging in casual sexual encounters, ther e has been an observed trend in the slow progress of moving from

The Perfect Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Perfect Critique - Assignment Example After the 4-minute period limit is over the conversation can start. This barrier zone can enable the learners to reflect on the items and enhance their ideas without being influenced by their friends. Developing references; often artists get inspired by other artists. As learners grow confidence in discussing their work and other artists work, they will grow their working knowledge of art history and artists (Lois pg 23). Critiques can work as a moment to initiate new concepts and artists or to draw links to art history and art movements. Social media; learners can use social media like Instagram, sound cloud, YouTube and twitter so as to share and comment on different media forms. Learners can create memes and enhance new trends, create blog posts and responses of video to artworks. Recording dialogue; have learners record themselves when they have their discussions. Make them keep the record of what they discussed throughout the semester. When they look at what they recorded, they could evaluate the manner in which they employ language in discussing artwork (Lois pg. 45). Learners will notice that they have access to critical dialogue and critical thinking. Student-centered critique; as learners enhance their critique abilities they can learn to contribute to a discussion of artwork without the presence of the teacher. The learners can carry out critiques where the teacher is just a mere observer (Lois pg 49). It can develop the public speaking ability, autonomous critical thinking, and confidence of the student. Cultural or historical links; historical artworks can get viewed as documents or key resources for historical occasions. Learners can use such historical links to direct their discussion. This can be in form of field trips to museum, research projects, visiting a local artist studio, field trips to historical landmarks or art practice based on community in which learners enhance, beautify, or activate their

Leadership from the Organisational Behaviour area of study Essay

Leadership from the Organisational Behaviour area of study - Essay Example Over the decades, numerous theories on the subject of organizational leadership have been suggested and deliberated over. These include, but are not limited to, Transactional Leadership, Trait Theory, Behavioural Theories, which constitute The Managerial Grid and Theory X and Theory Y, Situational Leadership, Participative Leadership, which comprises the infamous Lewin’s leadership styles, Contingency Theory, and Transformational Leadership (Time-Life Books 1994, p.453). Trait or Great Man theory places a leader at a different level in terms of thinking, dreams, ambitions and general intelligence as compared to the normal person. The major assumptions made in this theory include; some habits are specifically suited for leadership, individuals who make the best leaders have the perfect blend of leadership traits and the individuals inherently acquire those traits. Extensive research into successful leaders has been carried out in an attempt to discover some of these traits and if when applied to other individuals, they may also make good leaders. Some of these behaviours include intelligence, assertiveness, decisiveness, innovativeness, flexibility, conceptually skilled, team player, diplomacy, sensitivity to the social environment, dreamer, reliable, good orator, charismatic, dominance, persuasiveness and persistence (Burns 1978, p.654). Behavioural theories assume that leaders are not born, but made and that the best leadership is based on principles that can be practiced over time. These theories approach is not to focus on the inherent characteristics of an individual, but rather those habits that they have picked up over the years that have shaped and nurtured their leadership skills. There are two types of behaviour under this theory that each leader possess as a result of training. These include general concern

Cinematography in film

Cinematography in film Chose a sequence from any one of the films listed in the module guide’s filmography and analyse the functions of the cinematography (including lighting), editing and sound. Cinematography refers to the visual creative techniques of a film, consisting of lighting, sound and composition. Alfred Hitchcock thriller, Psycho [Alfred Hitchcock, 1960, USA] practices exquisite cinematography techniques to construct suspense and tremor to the spectators from his use of framing, lighting, camera movement, editing as well as sound. Film critic Roger Ebert states that a prevalent element among Hitchcock’s films, is the guilt of the regular person in a criminal situation [Ebert, 1998]. However in this scenario the key character Marion Crane [Janet Leigh] flees with stolen cash, nevertheless still fitting the Hitchcock mould of an innocent crime. EDITING Hitchcock practises some remarkable camera techniques to make sequences more effective, the notorious shower scene is a vital element and illustrates Hitchcock’s adoration for visuality. Adopting editing and sound as a cinematic guidance to stimulate the audience both visually and emotionally to create a horrific, suspense led murder scene. However spectators never actually witness the knife cutting into the woman’s flesh, we just assume it through the use of sound FX, hand motions, a tension building soundtrack and editing; The filmic makes the murder scene more realistic and suspense driven creating tension between the spectators. As a result by exposing the horrific continuous violence without truly presenting any, leaving it up to the spectator’s imagination. Fast editing countenances for an even more vicious stance to the scene, notwithstanding the insignificant amount of blood. Hasty editing of multiple shots signify the knife’s sharp cuts, plentiful as the squelching soundtrack rupture the spectators eardrums while perhaps representing a scream or a fowl shriek. Some of the possessed shots are high and medium angle shots to conceal the spectators from seeing the killers face. The combination of the shots makes the sequence seem longer, more subjective and more uncontrolled and violent oppose to the images being exposed alone or using a wide angle shot In this scene the woman’s nudity represents one of two concepts; vulnerability as she has nothing to protect her body i.e. clothes also within western society nudity is looked upon as exceedingly private therefore we as spectators are interfering on her private moment voyeurism. CAMERA TECHNIQUES In many Hitchcock movies the leading lady is usually a blonde and attractive, essentially there to create sex appeal in this case this is clear with the woman being naked. Other than sex appeal and representation of the male gaze, nudity also carries other connotations appropriate in this case the woman is in fatal danger. The low angle shot of the showerhead from the woman POV resembles an eye, its observant presence could suggest a ‘big brothers watching you’ feeling as it watches her washing herself, cleansing herself of the impurity of her prior actions; meanwhile her posture implies almost sexual enjoyment. Nonetheless, she is being so sensual that it supports Mulvey’s theory of the male gaze as it displays a woman being sexualized and delicate at the same time. She is about to be penetrated by a knife. Given the period of this film, censors restricted sex and nudity. As such, water perhaps symbolically used to express sexual desire and orgasms, while the wom an is cleansing plays into Hitchcock’s theme of guilt [Leighmediaasfilm, 2011]. However in the parlor scene camera angles play a vital role in revealing to the spectator about Norman Bates character with Hitchcock directing the scene in terms of contrasts. We get the woman sitting comfortably in her seat, leaning slightly forward; Hitchcock purposely arranged the camera near eye level perhaps to give the spectators the idea as to how two people may see each other while sitting and talking, however Hitchcock shoots the man from an abnormal low angle, suggesting that he is twisted and askew. SOUND Bernard Herman composed the movies intense soundtrack incorporating a fast cutting squelching soundtrack Hitchcock created an intense impression of slaughter, violence and nudity while remaining to display very little. However the infamous scene begins with the sound FX of running water perhaps to imply to the spectators that everything is fine. It also becomes significantly clear that the woman is going to have difficulty in hearing anything else as the sound of the water is overpowering the other diegetic sounds. A figuration slowly appears behind the shower curtain the suspense of the scene become more intense, only when the curtain is pushed aside that the spectators comprehend what is about to occur, suspense enhanced by the shrieking high pitched squelching soundtrack. The soundtrack in this scene in particular is dark and sinister, accompanying the knife movements to her skin also including tearing sounds. Perhaps this signifies the agony of the knife to her skin through the high pitched violin instruments within the soundtrack, it has a discordant quality to it possibly to signify the knife’s sharpness again creating tension. Tension is also created as the camera is represented as the knife’s movements, being drawn away and reversed. After the woman has been slaughtered, the soundtrack reaches its crescendo and transforms from a high pitched squelching to a low pitched distressing sound. LIGHTING The parlour scene uses camera angles, lighting, dialogue and sound FX to portray the characters in a certain light. They are precisely positioned according to the light source in order to accentuate their aims and intensions within the scene as well as their characteristics. The woman is located close yet relatively behind the lamp, with her face being well lit; perhaps signifying that she is a beaming with warmth and renovation despite her recent escapades. The lighting around her also suggests a gentleness around her also signifying she is redeemable. Although Hitchcock purposely positioned the man away from any type of light source and into a dark shadowy corner. This has the effect of a strict rift between light and shadow also represented across his face, also indicating the clash of his double personality [murderer/son]. He is also engrossed in low key lighting which suggests something is being hidden or kept in the dark and further results in piercing pointed shadows portentou sly on the wall and ceiling beyond him. MISE EN SCENE The black and white look of the film gave it a crisp classic feel while remaining to embody the spirit of an old film noir and further accentuates the theme of good vs evil, this is also illustrated by the sharp distinction of light and dark. Black and white costume is also exploited greatly within the film, for example at the beginning of the movie the woman is seen wearing white lingerie perhaps suggesting her innocents and purity, then later she’s in black lingerie after she’s stolen the money. The mise-en-scene reveals the woman surrounded by simple objects that make her appear to be a sympathetic character. Before her is a jug of milk rather than a glass and small snacks prepared by the man Norman, meanwhile as the woman ingests none of the milk it is in fact the shape of the jug that holds the visual signs. Colour plays a huge role in the mise-en-scene the jug is white, shiny and elegant perhaps signifying her innocent and pure goodness. Also her hunched curved posture and curly hairstyle adds to the sense that she is or ultimately will be a victim. However the man on the other hand is engrossed in lines of shadows across his face and body, many of which are set at angles creating a sense of emulation and danger rather than conformity. In one shot behind the man’s shoulder there is a dark chest of some sort with shadowy lines perhaps a distinction to the curved lamp, as well as the fact that the woman is wearing light clothes and the man is wearing dark clothing. Moreover one of the most significant visually stimulating feature into the man’s twisted mind, is the stuffed birds positioned around the walls, table and chest in the room, this also implies the dark facets of his character; he is a predator. The birds also create a sense of fear and fright within the parlour, as the hover around him. References Leighmediaasfilm.blogspot.co.uk, (2011). AS Film Studies 2012-2013: Voyeurism The Male Gaze (the shower scene). [online] Available at: http://leighmediaasfilm.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/voyeurism-male-gaze-shower-scene.html [Accessed 9 Jul. 2014]. Psycho. (1960). [DVD] USA: Alfred Hitchcock.

The Awakening: The Fall of Kate Chopin’s Career Essay -- Biography

Did you ever wonder what it was like for a woman to live in the 1800’s? Like in any other decade, there were many memorable events that influenced the writers of this era, but for women writers, this era was characterized by feminism and the fight for women’s rights. Writers like Kate Chopin brought most of the feminist issues to the light through books such as hers, The Awakening. Kate Chopin had a difficult childhood, in which she lost most of her family members. When she began writing, she revealed beliefs of movement of leaders about rights of women. Critics say Chopin based most of the characters in her books on leaders of the movement, on herself, and on regular women of her time. Chopin’s life was in a downward spiral until she started publishing her works of literature. After publishing The Awakening, her life progressively began looking up. Kate Chopin’s birth was in St. Louis on February 8, 1851. Five years later, she started school at the Academy of the Sacred Heart. Later on in her schooling, she found a classmate that had the same love for reading and writing as she, but not long after, she had to stop attending school for two years (Adams ix). This was because of the death of her father. Chopin was the only of her three siblings to live a long life. She lived with her widowed mother, her grandmother, and her great-grandmother (Long). Nine years later, her grandmother passed away. This was only shortly after that passing of her brother (Adams ix). When she finally went back to school, she had picked up her Cajun Uriegas 2 influence (Long). Chopin was now also a nonconformist. Her family owned slaves that she loved spending time with. She took down the union flag and hid it earning the name St. Louis’s littl... ...t 123). The Awakening shows the Creoles living in the French Quarters and how the other Creole Americans live (Hatchet 123). It also shows that the initial influence stayed strong (Hatchet 123). Kate Chopin had her share of rough times in life, but writing was her escape. She used her writing to let people know what was going on the world as far as women’s rights were concerned. The critics say that Chopin showed her rebellious attitude through her characters and the Creole influences that were apparent in her books. Kate Chopin was not a part of the women’s rights movement, but they inspired her writing in many ways. Women of this time had very few rights and what rights they had were not given up. Feminism was on the rise writers like Kate Chopin helped everyone see what women needed and deserved even though their opinions were very controversial.