Married Women On Condom Use Health And Social Care Essay

This study expects to investigate perceptual experience and disposition of wedded grown-up females on elastic use to hinder HIV and A ; AIDS, and to see how this perceptual experience and mentalities impact elastic use design among wedded grown-up females. Be that as it may, there are a few limitations of this overview. The limitation of this overview is on the scope of nation, figure of respondent who met what's more in term of the restricted clasp to carry on the study. Along these lines, the outcome and choices must be considered as starter findings.5.1. DecisionSpecific choices of this study are as per the following: This overview finds that HIV and A ; AIDS comprehension on wedded grown-up females is low. The low HIV comprehension is brought about by restricted dish of wedded grown-up females on HIV and A ; AIDS data, so they only get the HIV data from broadcasting especially knowledge and a few narratives, for example, drama, which is the nature of the data, is here and there mistaken. The assurance from this overview shows that wedded grown-up females have low danger perceptual experience since they conviction that they do n't make something in peril, or they said they conviction their hubby, so they non make design more secure sex ( condom utilization ) . This low perceptual experience is brought about by low comprehension of HIV and ne'er observes individuals who have HIV cause wedded grown-up females to feel that HIV is occurred in â€Å" other † individuals, non in them. This study finds that elastic perception on wedded grown-up females is low. Percept that elastic is something ludicrous is one of the way hitched grown-up females show that elastic is something strange and new for them. The other misperception is for hitched grown-up females, elastic is indistinct with preventative technique, despite the fact that elastic use in FSW, they despite everything think it identified with hinder incubation. In add-on, from one of point of convergence bunch treatment in low guidance and youthful wedded grown-up females, they raised the assumption that another kind of preventative strategy technique other than has the comparable guide as elastic to hinder HIV and A ; AIDS transmittal. The assurance from this study shows that the high level of guidance, bound to hold self effectiveness that influence the way of imparting, they feel progressively certain to talk with the accomplice about sexual orientation, incorporate conveying about HIV and elastic use. While the respondent from low degree guidance told that for them, talk about elastic to save is prohibited. Notwithstanding, in term of elastic utilization, they can negociate to ration, yet the finishing up assurance is rely upon the hubby, and in the level of demeanor this study discovered some wedded grown-up females consent to use elastic for twofold security, yet when one get some information about their motivation to use elastic, they said the have no reason at all to use elastic since hubby do n't wish to use elastic. This announcement clarify that in the duo relationship especially marriage, hubby is impact assurance doing methodology related elastic use. This identified with estimation of wedded grown-up f emales that work powers is a family chief, and wedded grown-up females have conviction that the great wedded lady is who follow what hubby need. This study found that no 1 use elastic to thwart HIV and A ; AIDS. Despite the fact that they who have conceivable high danger, figure utilization elastic to thwart HIV and A ; AIDS. The ground of non using rubbers is shifted, that is they feel non at danger so no interest to use elastic to thwart HIV and A ; AIDS, hubby do n't want to use elastic, elastic utilization battle with the craving to generation, elastic can do some viable occupation, elastic hinder sexual action. In any case, wedded grown-up females raised some ground or situation they will be consent to use elastic, when they can non use another kind of prophylactic strategy with the exception of elastic, or in the situation they do non use some other prophylactic strategies ( for delineation: subsequent to conceiving an offspring ) , when they saw an interest of insurance from the ailment, and for entertaining reasoned.5.2 Recommendations5.2.1 Policy RecommendationsBased on the discoveries, perception on HIV/AIDS on wedd ed grown-up females is stays low, it is identified with restricted dish of wedded grown-up females on HIV and A ; AIDS data. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should expand runs or coursing data and discernment on HIV/AIDS through broadcasting, remote, the internet or site, paper, and magazine to build wedded grown-up females ‘s insight. The discoveries uncovered that wedded grown-up females insight of elastic is truly low, this taking to misperception about elastic. Nearly of wedded grown-up females distinguish elastic as prophylactic technique, non in the infection bar nation. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should expand runs or coursing data and perception on elastic use through broadcasting, remote, the internet or site, paper, and magazine to build grown-up females ‘s comprehension. The assurance shows work powers have an enormous part on assurance doing system on elastic utilization in all highlights of wedded grown-up females. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should amplify advance data, guidance and conveying and conduct modification imparting plans which target high peril grown-up male which can help them increment their insight about safe sex including STIs and HIV/AIDS. What's more grown-up females ‘s approval plans are extremely of import to better their capacity to pass on with their hubbies on sexual conduct and safe sex. In this way, the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, NGOs ( Non-Governmental Organizations ) and cultural gatherings should carry on grown-up females ‘s strengthening plans. The assurance shows that apparent risk of HIV and A ; AIDS among wedded grown-up females is low, and no 1 in this review using elastic even have direction to use elastic to hinder HIV and A ; AIDS. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should augment advance data, guidance and conveying and conduct adjustment imparting plans which target wedded grown-up females which can help them increment their insight about safe sex including HIV/AIDS, especially foregrounding the presentation of grown-up females who get HIV contamination from indiscriminate life partners which can elevate them to hold safe sexual conduct. It can advance and advance sex value and generative health rights.5.2.2 Recommendations for Further ResearchsResearch on status, comprehension, perceptual experience, demeanor, and conduct on the wedded grown-up females is as yet constrained, especially among high peril grown-up male ‘s standard mat es whose danger perceptual experience is low yet whose risk is identified with the conduct of their hubby. Counting elastic use as one of HIV and A ; AIDS bar strategies will complete the picture thusly toing wedded grown-up females ‘s employment and requests sing their sexual conduct. Future research needs to break down and go to affectional and logical issues in sickness spread and bar in setting of marriage, including family unit wellbeing and social feature of sex and force, in the endeavors to hold the spread of HIV contamination.

Methadone Maintenance Treatment Free Essays

Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) has been set up for more than 30 years.â Initially utilized as a pain relieving before the Second World War, it was utilized to amend the courageous woman scourge in the post-World War II era.â At present, MMT is utilized as a mischief decrease procedure †an apparatus to help pulling back champion addicts, lessen wrongdoing and passings related with sedative use and to diminish occurrences of HIV/AIDS that outcomes from heroin infusion and needle use. We will compose a custom exposition test on Methadone Maintenance Treatment or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now  There is still anyway a contention encompassing the treatment fundamentally due to the misguided judgment related with MMT. Health authorities accept that MMT ought to be kept in a brief span as could be expected under the circumstances while scientists battle that higher dosages and longer treatment term may prompt lower instances of backslide. Heroin fixation is a determined issue in the United States particularly in New York City where heroin misuse, supplanting opium smoking, began in the mid twentieth century (Frank, 2000).â The post-World War II period saw a pandemic ascent in the quantity of heroin addicts with the end goal that somewhere in the range of 1950 and 1961, heroin infusion got one of the main sources of death among youthful grown-ups in New York City (Joseph, Stancliff Langrod, 2000).â The normal time of heroin-related passings was 29 years of age, both for people. At first utilized as a pain relieving in Germany before the Second World War, methadone was considered as a response to the commonness of the unlawful medication and the subsequent criminal offenses and passings related with its use.â This began in 1949 when Isbell and Vogel showed methadone to be successful in helping addicts pull back from heroin (Joseph et. al, 2000).â In 1964, methadone upkeep treatment (MMT) was propelled as an exploration program in Rockefeller Institute under the heading of Dr. Vincent P. Give and Dr. Marie E. Nyswander. At present, methadone upkeep treatment is one of the basic meds used to treat heroin and other sedative addiction.â Judging from the quantity of investigates and appraisals on MMT, it is clearly the medication misuse treatment that has gotten the most careful assessment and has been demonstrated to be compelling in lessening narcotic use, HIV occurrences, crime and mortality (â€Å"Literature Review †Methadone Maintenance Treatment†, 2007).â Consequently, it has likewise been shown to improve physical and psychological wellness and a person’s capacity to recapture typical social working. In spite of the stunning number of studies related with MMT and the logical information coming about because of these investigations demonstrating that the treatment is a successful prescription for pulling back sedative addicts, debates despite everything encompass the treatment.â There appear to beâ conflicting sees between researchers/scientists and wellbeing authorities concerning how the treatment must be dispensed.â Aside from talking about those discussions, this paper will likewise: a) present methadone realities b) present the favorable circumstances and detriments of MMT and decide the individuals that can profit by such a treatment; and c) survey whether MMT is a viable damage decrease technique. Methadone Facts Methadone, at first utilized as a pain relieving, is a manufactured opiate that has been utilized to treat sedative habit for over 3 decades (Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2000).â Heroin and narcotic addicts want to ceaselessly take in these substances since sedatives involve a receptor in the mind which imparts a sign to the body when sedative levels are low.â Methadone works by â€Å"occupying† these receptor destinations and subsequently thwarts the rapture brought about by heroin use, mitigates the hankering for sedative and decreases the withdrawal side effects related with unexpected end of sedative use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Taken orally once every day, the impact of methadone can last from 24 to 36 hours. Similarly as with any drug, there is the danger of misuse and dependency.â In a controlled and regulated treatment, a previous courageous woman junkie may remain genuinely subject to methadone however doesn't encounter the highs and lows coming about because of the expansion and abatement of champion in blood levels (ONDCP, 2000). An individual on methadone treatment can thusly be incorporated into the general public and become a useful resident. Who Benefits From MMT Methadone may be compelling for those recuperating from sedative enslavement and will have no impact for the individuals who are dismantling other disposition changing substances from opiates (Stimmel Kreek, 2000).â previously, admission to MMT was constrained uniquely to candidates between the ages of 21 and 40 with at least 4 years opiate addiction.â Joseph, et. al. (2000) saw that the confirmation measures is considerably more liberal now as restoration facilities currently concede patients more youthful than 21 and more seasoned than 40. Since the connection between heroin misuse and liquor addiction has for some time been recognized, the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) changed its previous standards of isolating treatment for heroin addicts and heavy drinkers and rather requested that Addiction Treatment Centers (ATCs) concede methadone patients into liquor addiction restoration projects and the other way around (Kipnis, Herron, Perez Joseph, 2001). Indeed, even pregnant ladies can be dealt with utilizing methadone as long as the mother is firmly checked and must be tried out an extensive program that incorporates MMT as well as pre-birth care, nourishing directing and other clinical administrations that the pregnant lady may require (Joseph, et. al, 2000).â Ward (1998) as refered to in â€Å"Literature Review †Methadone Maintenance Treatment† (2207) affirmed that no one ought to be prohibited from the treatment (with regards to heroin and sedative use) on the grounds that no dependable rules exist that has decided a gathering of individuals that won't react to treatment. Key Issues in MMT The core value of most recovery habitats is that a fanatic is â€Å"cured† on the off chance that he can avoid the utilization of an illegal drug.â Critics of MMT guarantee that the treatment is only a substitute for the more grounded sedative (heroin) addiction.â This is seen as the significant burden of MMT, particularly by wellbeing officials.â Kipnis, et. al. (2001), Stimmel and Kreek (2000), Joseph, et. al. (2000) and a large group of different scientists battle that there is a misinterpretation and misconstruing between wellbeing authorities and analysts of MMT. Even at present, there is a disgrace related with MMT in light of the fact that it despite everything saw as a physical reliance on a medication. This clarifies why most patients in restoration facilities receiveâ insufficient dosages which would prompt a conceivable backslide. A ton of medicinal services authorities accept that treatment utilizing methadone must be stopped when possible.â Researchers deviate, contending that there ought not be a limit with regards to the term of the treatment since patients may react well to a short treatment while others may react better to a more drawn out treatment, perhaps even a lifetime treatment.â Joseph et. al. (2000) additionally noticed that higher dosages lead to a higher treatment maintenance rate.â Even with expanding proof highlighting the viability of MMT as a treatment for heroin and sedative withdrawal, there is still just halfway acknowledgment for the treatment by the public.â The media has likewise twisted the public’s see on MMT which came about to a shame related to the treatment. MMT as a Harm-Reduction Strategy Medication Policy Alliance (2007) refered to many creators that upheld MMT as a device used to decrease wrongdoing, passing and disease.â Researchers concur that methadone is the best treatment for heroin addiction.â Furthermore, methadone diminishes criminal guilty parties on the grounds that the individuals who are in MMT can have stable existences and can obtain real work. Instances of HIV and different maladies brought about by needle-sharing are additionally diminished by the treatment.â Methadone treatment is likewise a state of contact between the patient and the wellbeing official and an open door for the patient to find out about the procedures to forestall HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and different sicknesses that may incur medicate clients. MMT is additionally practical, costing just $13 every day and is a superior option than detainment (ONDCP, 2000).â Kipnis, et. al. (2001) anyway accepts that there must be a hierarchical redesign with the end goal for MMT to be more effective.â The staff of ATCs must lose their held rules that MMT doesn't work or that it is a type of addiction.â Discrimination for MMT patients must have no spot in the 12-advance restoration programs and people in general likewise should be taught of the best possible and genuine capacity of MMT in the network. End MMT has been demonstrated to be viable in over 3 many years of its use.â Social factors anyway keep it from being utilized properly.â Misconceptions that wellbeing authorities have with respect to the treatment, its utilization and the measurement to be administered lead to an extraordinary number of relapses.â Staff culture and convictions must be changed all together for methadone upkeep treatment to be completely acknowledged in the network and for its effectivity to be improved. References Medication Policy Alliance (2007). Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Medication Policy Alliance. Recovered September 1, 2007 from http://www.lindesmith.org/library/inquire about/methadone.cfm Blunt. B. (2000). An Overview of Heroin Trends in New York City: Past, Present and Future. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67 (5-6). Kipnis, S., Herron, A., Perez, J. Joseph, H. (2001 January). Incorporating the Methadone Patient In the Traditional Addiction Inpatient Rehabilitation Program †Problems and Solutions [electronic version]. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 68 (1). Recovered August 31, 2007

How To Lose 40 Pounds In 4 Months Research Assignment - 825 Words

How To Lose 40 Pounds In 4 Months Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: HOW TO LOSE 40 POUNDS IN 4 MONTHSYour big day is almost here, and you are wondering how to lose 40 pounds in 4 months. In order to achieve this goal, you need to lose two and half pounds per week. It is achievable, but you must be very strict on your diet, exercise and youll see the power.Healthy weight loss dietsThe greatest factor to fat loss is Diet. You have to be strict on your diet as you cannot outrun a bad diet. No matter how much effort you put in the gym, if you keep messing about your diet, you will not realize your goals as fast as you want. The basic principle of weight loss is burning more calories than you take in.A healthy weight loss diet; * Containing all the nutrients that the body needs in the right proportions. Starving yourself will not only predispose your body to nutrient deficiencies, but it will also signal your body to store fat. * Healthy diet ,which means a clean diet, does not contain ultra-processed food, junk food, high in sugar and sal t * This diet is in the right portions. Use a portion control plate or a kitchen weighing machine to get the exact amount of food you should eat. Half of your plate should be set aside for fresh fruits and vegetables, and the other half subdivided equally for protein- rich food and vegetables.There are several healthy weight loss diet programs that you can use. Ensure that the program you choose meets the criteria for healthy eating. Be cautious of bad diets that promise instant results through unhealthy ways.We will sample two types of diets that have been famous for a while and have proved to be working. 1 The ketogenic dietThe ketogenic (keto) diet is a low-carb diet that aims at getting the body to a ketosis state, a state in which the body uses fat as its primary source of energy. Usually, when you eat high carbohydrates foods, the body releases glucose for energy production and fats are stored hence, weight gain. The advantages of keto diet is that you will naturally lose weig ht fast, control blood sugar, boost your mental performance and lower blood cholesterol level. However, at the beginning of the program, you will experience muscle cramps, low energy, and constipation. 2 Paleo dietThe Paleo diet encourages use of whole fresh and unprocessed foods. The diet highly discourages processed foods as they are likely to contain sugar, salt, fats and other chemicals added to enhance flavor and appearance. One of the advantages of this diet is that you can eat fresh food free of preservatives and other additives. The disadvantage is that it may be hard and relatively expensive to get the foods recommended in the diet.ExerciseFor you to accelerate weight loss, combine both exercise and diet. There are many ways to approach the workouts, either at home, gym or outdoors. You can get yourself a personal trainer at the gym or buy home workout DVDs. Whatever work you do, make sure that you are consistent with it.There are different types of workouts, mixing them an d youll get the best results. * Cardiovascular exercises (cardio)The best thing about cardio is that you can do it almost anywhere with minimal or no equipment. The exercises create endurance by increasing your heart rate and breathing rate. Although cardio exercises are excellent at burning fat, they do not do much for the muscles. Therefore, you are encouraged to incorporate other forms of exercise to your wor...

Pablo Picasso Biography Examples

When one hears the name â€Å"Pablo Picasso†, or just â€Å"Picasso†, one is reminded of vivid and abstract colors that form odd shapes or cubes depicting the subject. Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in the Andalusian city known as Mà ¡laga to parents Don Josà © Ruiz y Blasco and Marà ­a Picasso y Là ³pez. He is the eldest of three with him as the only son in the family. Picasso’s father is a professor in the School of Arts and Crafts in Andalusia, while his mother watched over their children. Picasso easily displayed his interest in art and drawing at a very young age as his first words were â€Å"piz†, the shortened name for lapis or pencil. When he turned seven, Picasso’s father slowly taught him how to draw in figures and painting with oil-based paint. Don Ruiz was a traditional artist and instructor, believing that it is important for Picasso to understand the theory and the specificities of live models and the body. Don Ruiz als o took young Picasso to bullfights, which became one of his earliest subjects. By 1891. Picasso’s family moved to A Coruna as his father received the position as a professor in the School of Fine Arts. With his father’s continuous instruction, Picasso was able to amaze his father with his talent for art when Ruiz saw Picasso finishing his unfinished pigeon sketch. According to some retelling, Ruiz was amazed by his son’s painting technique that he vowed to give up painting himself as he cannot reach Picasso’s level. After five years, Picasso yet again moved to Barcelona in 1896 after the death of his sister Conchita, who died from diphtheria. Picasso was immediately admitted to the School of Fine Arts and soon after, he was admitted in the Royal Academy of San Fernando, Madrid due to his capacity to submit his entrance examination test in one day, the test is normally allowed to be done for a month. His school days in the Academy were short lived as Picasso found the atmosphere stifling and restrictive, returning to Barcelona shortly afterward to study on his own. Barcelona, on that period, was a haven for cultural discovery in Spain, allowing Picasso to mingle with other artists and join groups that gather in cafà © Els Quatre Gats. Picasso was quite a traveller as he alternately moved in Paris and Barcelona from 1900 to 1903. In 1901, Picasso launched his first one-man exhibition in Paris (Walther). By the time Picasso set up his studio in Paris in 1904, he was immediately visited by many artists and patrons. Picasso’s first few works show his creative pattern, which allowed him to experiment with modern painting. Picasso became known by then as one of the fastest artists as he was able to finish his artworks in rapid efficiency. Picasso’s artistic venture could be classified in periods. The first period was known as Picasso’s Blue Period, from 1901 and 1904. In this period, Picasso utilized shades of blue and blue-green to give his works a somber expression and melancholy. Blue Period subjects were mostly concentrated on prostitutes and beggars, influenced by his trips in Spain and the suicide of Carlos Casagemas, another Spanish painter and his friend. Both met in the Els Quatre Gats and became friends ever since; however, Casagemas shot himself to death due to his love for Germaine Pichot. In memory of his friend, Picasso dedicated his La Vie painting in 1903, depicting Casegamas. Another work from the Blue Period was known as the Frugal Repast, done in 1904. The painting shows a blind man and a normal woman seated in a bare table. Picasso incorporated the theme of Blindness in other paintings in the period like the Blindman’s Meal (1903), Celestina (1903), Portrait of Soler and the Portrait of Suzanne Bloch. In 1904-1906, Picasso utilized natural and tender colours, mainly red and pink, to enhance his subjects. This coloring style was then referred to the Pink or Rose Period. In this period, Picasso had subjects mostly from the circus, namely the harlequins or the saltimbanques. One of the celebrated paintings of the Rose Period was the Family of Saltimbanques, exhibiting Picasso’s signature theme after the costume of the saltimbanques. Another famous work he did in the period is the Portrait of Gertrude Stein (1906), which utilizes mask-like abstraction, inspired by African ornates seen by Picasso in the Louvre. Eventually, this paved the way for the creation of   Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907), which became Picasso’s number one cubist painting. The Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was first of Picasso’s venture away the visible world as he used monochromatic colors to depict his subject. After the Les Demoiselles, Picasso’s venture to cubism was e vident from 1907 to 1911 with his works depicting his change. Some of these works were the Fruit Dish (1909) and the Ma Jolie or Woman with a Guitar (1911-12). In 1911, Picasso met Georges Braque, who helped him to introduce text and newspaper into cubism, leading to the creation of the cubism collage seen in Still Life with Chair Canning (1911-12). He then returned back to painting after practicing the cubism collage with the Three Musicians (1921) work as his classical take on cubism. Picasso moved back to classical painting in the early 1920s as he presented paintings and drawings depicting a more realistic style to them. One of the most noted works in this category is the Woman in White (1923). The painting was noted to be an artwork which does not need to call attention for itself as it entrances its viewers with its unique color and pictorial style. Picasso also created Guernica, another celebrated artwork which engraved Picasso’s name in the international art world. Th e Guernica presented the bombing of the town called Guernica in Spain, which became a victim of bomb attacks while the Spanish Civil War was taking in place. Picasso created the masterpiece with intense feelings, utilizing monochromatic colors to depict pain, brutality and torture which show Picasso’s idea of the bombing in Guernica (Sateren). Picasso was a notable Communist, earning him the ire of the Soviet Union. He was also banned from Spain by the time Francisco Franco. He also married Olga Khoklova, but settled to a divorce, meeting Jacqueline Roque. Picasso also had four children in his married life. Before he died in April 8, 1973, he was already planning to showcase his works in the Avignon Arts Festival. Since his death in 1973, Picasso’s numerous works were kept hidden from the public as he did not need to sell most of them to the art market. Some of his collections from other artists were also found in his study. Since he did not have a will as to how his works and collections will be sorted upon his death, they were used to pay for his death taxes or estate tax. The collection was forfeited to the French government. The various works and collections were then decided to form the collection for the Musà ©e Picasso in Paris’s Hà ´tel Salà ©. By 2003, the Museo Picasso Mà ¡laga was established b y Picasso’s relatives in his honor. Barcelona also opened Museu Picasso, featuring many of his creations when he was still in Spain, some showing Picasso’s classical techniques not seen in his major masterpieces. The Museu also contains figure sculptures done by Picasso under the supervision of his father Don Ruiz and the collection of Jaime Sabartes, who served as Picasso’s confidant and secretary (Charles). Exhibitions were also held in Picasso’s honour, and as of recent, Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musee National Picasso is currently toured around the globe. The exhibition presents 150 of Picasso’s works from painting, sculptures, to drawings. It is currently being featured in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada until August 26, 2012 (Art Gallery of Ontario). Works Cited Art Gallery of Ontario. Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musee National Picasso, Paris. Art Gallery of Ontario, May 2012. Web. 5 June 2012 http://www.ago.net/picasso-masterpieces-from-the-musee-national-picasso-paris. Charles, Victoria. Pablo Picasso. Sirrocco: Parkstone International, 2011. Print. Sateren, Shelly Swanson. Picasso. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2002. Print. Walther, Ingo. Pablo Picaso, 1881-1973: Genius of the Century. Hohenzollernring: Taschen, 2000. Print.

Nuclear Transfer And Its Effect On The Body Of A Surrogate...

This is referred to as totipotency and it allows scientists to split animal embryos into several cells to produce multiple organisms that are genetically identical. Modern techniques begin with stripping the embryo of the protective layer. After each blastomere has been separated from the embryo mass, the cell is encased in its own protective synthetic layer. Each blastomere cell, is now considered a new separate embryo and is cultured in vitro and later in vivo in a surrogate mother until birth (Roberge, 2004). Cloning by nuclear transfer is based on the concept that the animal’s genome is located in the cell nucleus. The only exception to this is the small amount of DNA of 16, 000 base pairs found in the mitochondria. In this process†¦show more content†¦In this process, somatic cells with their nuclei are allowed to grow and divide, these cells are then deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop in to an embryo. The Honolulu Technique was developed at the University of Hawaii by Dr. Teruhiko. In this method, the donor nucleus from a somatic cell is removed using a special pipette, and is microinjected into an egg that has had the nucleus removed. The egg is placed in a chemical solution and it is cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Twenty-two fertile, female mice were cloned from nuclei of adult ovarian cumulus cells by this method. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. She was derived from cells that were taken from the udder of a six year old ewe. In this case, the genetic material in the nucleus was transferred from adult somatic cells that were cultured. Individual cells were then fused with unfertilised eggs from which the genetic material had been removed. Two hundred and seventy seven of these reconstructed eggs were cultured for 6 days in temporary recipients. Twenty-nine of the eggs that appeared to have developed normally

Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative

Question: Discuss about the Contributory Negligence and Historical and Comparative. Answer: Introduction When the actions of one of the parties results in harm to the other party, it is considered as a tort, which is a civil wrong done. Negligence is one of the tort laws in Australia (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). Negligence is the failure to fulfill to the duty of care, which results in some kind of harm or damage to the party to which the duty was owed. Negligence fixes the liability on the breaching party, and allows the aggrieved party to recover damages for the harm caused (Turner, 2013). In the following parts, the various aspects of negligence, as are applicable in the case of Anna and Trevor, have been analyzed. Negligence When an individual fails in fulfilling the required care, which they owe to the other person and which in a harm, injury or loss for the other person, then such an individual commits the tort of negligence (Kelly Hammer and Hendy, 2014). The rationale behind negligence is that the people are required to exercise the reasonable care while doing any task, so that their actions do not result in the foreseeable harm. When negligence is established, the aggrieved party has the option of claiming damages, which is in the form of monetary compensation. In order to establish that negligence is present, the essential elements of negligence have to be established. These include the duty of care, the breach of this duty of care and the resultant damages (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). Duty of Care In order to establish negligence, the first thing which needs to be established is the duty of care. The duty of care is the legal obligation, imposed over the individuals to adhere to the standards of reasonable care which could possibly result in harm, by performance of a certain task (Greene, 2013). This is the first element to establish that negligence took place. In Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100, it was established by the court the Stevenson owed a duty of care, by being the manufacturer of the bottle in which the snail was found, towards any such person who was buying the bottle. And accordingly, Donoghue was able to recover damages for the negligence of Stevenson (Harvey and Marston, 2009). In the given case, Trevor was the operator of the tour and he was the one responsible for ensuring the safety of his clients. This meant that he owed a duty of care towards all those who took the tour. As was seen in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, the manufacturer owed a duty to its users; in the same manner, the tour operator owed a duty of care to its clients. So, he had to ensure that Breach of Duty Once it is established that defendant owes a duty of care towards the plaintiff, the next step to be established is the breach of this duty of care. When the defendant is aware of the fact, that his actions can result in harm or loss, then such an individual breaches the duty of care. Also, when the defendant fails to consider the possible loss or harm, which a reasonable or prudent person, in similar circumstances would have considered, then such individual breaches the duty of care (Latimer, 2012). In Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467, the haystack of the defendant had caught fire as a result of poor ventilation. The defendant was given a warning on many occasions that there could be fire due to this reason. Later on, the defendant argued that he did not foresee any risk of the dire and that he had used his best judgment. In this case, the court held that this best judgment was not sufficient and he was judged by the standards of a reasonable person and a breach of duty was established (E-Law Resources, 2017a). In the given case, it was the duty of Trevor to take care of the individuals who opted for his tour. And it was his duty to ensure that they do not receive any injury. In his search to find a new location, he left the tour members alone for a long duration. This resulted in the delay in returning, till which time, night had fallen. Near the end of the walk, Anna fell down as she could not see the tree root properly, on which she stumbled. Due to the fault of Trevor, in taking care of his crew members and delaying the tour, Anna was injured. So, there was a breach of duty of care. As was held in case of Vaughan v Menlove, a reasonable person would have taken the necessary care to ensure that the tour members were safe and returned on time. Moreover, being a tour operator, Trevor was aware that such injury may occur, and so the risk was foreseeable. So, there was a clear breach of duty in this case. Damage/Loss/Injury The next essential is that the breach of duty of care must result in a damage, or loss, or injury. When a duty of care is breached, it has to result in a harm or loss for the party to whom the duty was owed. In case there is no loss or harm, or the loss or harm is negligible, then a negligence case cannot be established. So, not only a loss has to be established, but it has to be substantial (Harvey and Marston, 2009). The rationale behind this is that the loss or injury or the harm caused is the amount of damages which the individual can claim in case of negligence. Moreover, by establishing that a harm or loss has been caused, the individuals can also claim damages for the non-pecuniary injuries, for instance the emotional distress. The causation of the loss also has to be established. In other words, it has to be shown that the loss would not have been caused, if the defendant had not breached the duty of care (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). If the loss is too remote and not substantial, then the damages are not awarded, even when negligence has been established. Also, the damages are to be such, as are foreseeable. In Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, also known as the Wagon Mound case, it was held that the actual cause of fire was too remote. Hence, the defendant was not held liable for the fire damages (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008). In the given case, the loss was foreseeable. This was because Trevor was aware that at night time, the chances of falling during the trek were higher and this is the reason he avoided taking treks at night time. And in the past, this has resulted in injury to his clients. So, the loss was clearly foreseeable. Also, due to his failure in exercising the duty of care, Anna was injured. Hence, in this case, there was both foreseeability of loss, and loss due to the breach of duty of care, which was significant. Defense- Contributory Negligence The defense which is often cited by the defendants in cases of negligence is contributory negligence (Legal Services Commission, 2016). When an individual fails to apply the necessary duty of care which they owe to themselves, and contribute towards the harm or the loss which resulted as a result of breach of duty of care, and caused negligence, it is the case of contributory negligence (Dongen, 2014). In such cases, the damages which are awarded to the plaintiff are reduced according to their contribution in the losses. In Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291, the plaintiff was held liable for damages which resulted as he negligently stood on the lorrys side, and so the amount of damages, which were awarded to him, were accordingly reduced (E-Law Resources, 2017b). In the given case, Anna consumed wine from the bottle of wine which she had brought along with her. Trevor had only given the members of tour, water and sandwiches, and no alcohol was provided by him. Moreover, the other members had refused to consume the wine, when it was offered to them by Anna. Annas intoxication contributed in her injuries, as she was not at her best during the trek and was a bit tipsy. Another thing in Annas case is that Trevor had specifically asked the members to wear sensible shoes and clothing during the trek. But Anna had changed into high heel shoes, which she had brought as backup. In both the cases, Trevor was not aware of the acts of Anna, regarding her alcohol consumption and her change of shoes. Again, Anna contributed towards her injuries. Applying the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co, by drinking on trek, and wearing high heel shoes, which were opposite of what was insisted upon by Trevor, Anna contributed towards her stumbling incident, which resulted in injuries for her. So, at two instances, Anna had contributed to her injuries, in a major way. Being drunk on the trek and not wearing the proper gear, contributed in losing her balance. And so, Anna is guilty of contributory negligence. Remedies When a case of negligence is established, the individual can claim for damages, which is in form of monetary compensation (Statsky, 2011). The amount of compensation usually consists of damages for pecuniary injuries, but as highlighted earlier, if the loss is established properly, an individual can claim losses for the non-pecuniary injuries as well. In the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344, a cruise ship sank and the passenger sued for the loss of his belongings, along with the mental distress which resulted due to such loss. Even though the cost of the cruise was not awarded to the plaintiff by the judge, but the defendant was ordered to compensate the plaintiff for the mental distress (Australian Contract Law, 2013). When contributory negligence is established, then as per the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), the damages which are awarded to the plaintiff are reduced to the amount of the contribution of the plaintiff towards the injury, and this amount is decided by the court. Moreover, section 47 of this act states that at the time of the incident which resulted in injury, if the plaintiff was under the influence of alcohol or was intoxicated then the damages awarded to the plaintiff would be reduced by 25% or more, as per the discretion of the court (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). In the given case, the negligence of Trevor was established due to the presence of the essential elements of negligence. In other words, Trevor owed a duty of care towards Anna as he took her to the trek and he had to ensure that no harm was caused to her. But, since Anna was injured, there was a breach of duty of care. So, Trevor would have to compensate Anna for the pecuniary losses caused to her. Along with this, Anna could also claim for the mental distress that resulted from the injuries. So, Anna could sue Trevor for the loss that resulted from the injuries, which would be the punitive damages. Since, Anna willfully decided to close her caf, she cannot claim for the loss of 12 months income, as it has no direct linkage with the negligence of Trevor. As established earlier, Anna had contributed towards the injuries and so, the amount of damages awarded to Anna would be reduced accordingly. Since Anna was intoxicated, the amount of damages would be reduced by a minimum of 25%. Moreover, due to her contributory negligence due to wearing high heels, the damages would be further reduced. The amount of damages which would be reduced would depend upon the discretion of the court. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that by wandering off to find a new spot, Trevor had breached his duty of care, which he owed towards Anna, being the member of his trekking tour. Moreover, this resulted in the delay of tour to night time, which made it hard to see the tree root, on which Anna stumbled and fell and this injured her knee. So, Anna could claim pecuniary damages for this loss, as well as, for the mental distress. Since Anna had willfully closed the caf to recover damages from Trevor, she cannot claim damages for the loss of income. But, Anna contributed towards her injury and hence, the damages which would be awarded to Anna would be reduced to a certain amount, as decided upon by the court. So, it is advised to Anna to refrain from initiating a case against Trevor as she would not be able to claim damages for the loss of income, and the pecuniary damages would be reduced by the amount of contributory negligence. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business law. 8th ed. London: Thompson Learning. Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Civil Liability Act 2003 - Sect 47. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s47.html [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Australian Contract Law. (2013) Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/baltic.html [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. E-Law Resources. (2017a) Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Vaughan-v-Menlove.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] E-Law Resources. (2017b) Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 Court of Appeal. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Davies-v-Swan-Motor-Co.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008) Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Greene, B. (2013) Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Kelly, D., Hammer, R., and Hendy, J. (2014) Business Law. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Legal Services Commission. (2016) Negligence. [Online] Legal Services Commission. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Statsky, W.P. (2011) Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007) The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. (2013) Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge.

The Diagnosis of Mood Disorders free essay sample

A discussion of bi-polar and depressive disorders, their symptoms and treatment. This paper discusses how important the proper diagnosis of a patients mood disorder is for finding the proper treatment. Disorders covered include: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. The author shows how the disorders are broken down into domains and indicates the symptoms for each and how they should be treated. Bi-polar disorder affects approximately 2.3 million American adults or about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older (Reiger, 1993). Men and women are equally likely to develop bi-polar disorder. The average age of onset for bi-polar disorders is in the early twenties (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Bi-polar disorders include cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. Distinction of the actual disorder can sometimes become difficult, therefore, it is crucial to look at all the symptoms the patient is experiencing.